تصميم الاختبارات و TDD — ما الذي يجعل الاختبار جيداً

class Cart:
    def __init__(self):
        self._items = []

    def add(self, name, price, quantity=1):
        self._items.append((name, price, quantity))

    def total(self):
        return sum(price * quantity for _, price, quantity in self._items)

from cart import Cart


def test_add():
    cart = Cart()
    cart.add("pen", 15.0, 2)
    assert cart._items == [("pen", 15.0, 2)]


def test_total():
    cart = Cart()
    cart.add("pen", 15.0, 2)
    cart.add("bag", 850.0)
    assert cart.total() == 880.0

..                                                                       [100%]
2 passed in 0.01s

class Cart:
    def __init__(self):
        self._lines = {}

    def add(self, name, price, quantity=1):
        _, already = self._lines.get(name, (price, 0))
        self._lines[name] = (price, already + quantity)

    def total(self):
        return sum(price * quantity for price, quantity in self._lines.values())

F.                                                                       [100%]
=================================== FAILURES ===================================
___________________________________ test_add ___________________________________

    def test_add():
        cart = Cart()
        cart.add("pen", 15.0, 2)
>       assert cart._items == [("pen", 15.0, 2)]
               ^^^^^^^^^^^
E       AttributeError: 'Cart' object has no attribute '_items'

test_cart.py:7: AssertionError
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_cart.py::test_add - AttributeError: 'Cart' object has no attribut...
1 failed, 1 passed in 0.01s

$ python -m venv .venv
$ source .venv/bin/activate
$ pip install pytest hypothesis

from cart import Cart


def test_an_empty_cart_totals_zero():
    cart = Cart()

    assert cart.total() == 0


def test_total_is_price_times_quantity_summed_over_items():
    # Arrange
    cart = Cart()
    cart.add("pen", 15.0, 2)
    cart.add("bag", 850.0)

    # Act
    total = cart.total()

    # Assert
    assert total == 880.0


def test_adding_the_same_item_twice_adds_up_the_quantity():
    cart = Cart()
    cart.add("pen", 15.0, 2)

    cart.add("pen", 15.0, 1)

    assert cart.total() == 45.0

...                                                                      [100%]
3 passed in 0.01s
...                                                                      [100%]
3 passed in 0.01s

test_cart_behaviour.py::test_an_empty_cart_totals_zero PASSED            [ 33%]
test_cart_behaviour.py::test_total_is_price_times_quantity_summed_over_items PASSED [ 66%]
test_cart_behaviour.py::test_adding_the_same_item_twice_adds_up_the_quantity PASSED [100%]

from cart import Cart


def test_cart():
    cart = Cart()
    assert cart.total() == 0
    cart.add("pen", 15.0, 2)
    cart.add("bag", 850.0)
    assert cart.total() == 880.0
    cart.add("pen", 15.0, 1)
    assert cart.total() == 895.0

$ pytest -q --tb=no
F                                                                        [100%]
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_one_big.py::test_cart - assert 865.0 == 880.0
1 failed in 0.01s

$ pytest -q --tb=no
.FF                                                                      [100%]
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_cart_behaviour.py::test_total_is_price_times_quantity_summed_over_items
FAILED test_cart_behaviour.py::test_adding_the_same_item_twice_adds_up_the_quantity
2 failed, 1 passed in 0.01s

from slugs import slugify


def test_lowercases_and_joins_words_with_hyphens():
    assert slugify("Hello World") == "hello-world"

==================================== ERRORS ====================================
________________________ ERROR collecting test_slugs.py ________________________
ImportError while importing test module '/home/you/blog/test_slugs.py'.
Hint: make sure your test modules/packages have valid Python names.
Traceback:
/usr/lib/python3.12/importlib/__init__.py:90: in import_module
    return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
test_slugs.py:1: in <module>
    from slugs import slugify
E   ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'slugs'
=========================== short test summary info ============================
ERROR test_slugs.py
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Interrupted: 1 error during collection !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1 error in 0.01s

def slugify(title):
    return title.lower().replace(" ", "-")

.                                                                        [100%]
1 passed in 0.01s

def test_drops_punctuation():
    assert slugify("Hello, World!") == "hello-world"

.F                                                                       [100%]
=================================== FAILURES ===================================
____________________________ test_drops_punctuation ____________________________

    def test_drops_punctuation():
>       assert slugify("Hello, World!") == "hello-world"
E       AssertionError: assert 'hello,-world!' == 'hello-world'
E
E         - hello-world
E         + hello,-world!
E         ?      +      +

test_slugs.py:9: AssertionError
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_slugs.py::test_drops_punctuation - AssertionError: assert 'hello,...
1 failed, 1 passed in 0.01s

import re


def slugify(title):
    return re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "-", title.lower()).strip("-")

..                                                                       [100%]
2 passed in 0.01s

def test_turns_accented_letters_into_plain_ones():
    assert slugify("Café au lait") == "cafe-au-lait"

..F                                                                      [100%]
=================================== FAILURES ===================================
_________________ test_turns_accented_letters_into_plain_ones __________________

    def test_turns_accented_letters_into_plain_ones():
>       assert slugify("Café au lait") == "cafe-au-lait"
E       AssertionError: assert 'caf-au-lait' == 'cafe-au-lait'
E
E         - cafe-au-lait
E         ?    -
E         + caf-au-lait

test_slugs.py:13: AssertionError
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_slugs.py::test_turns_accented_letters_into_plain_ones - Assertion...
1 failed, 2 passed in 0.01s

import re
import unicodedata


def slugify(title):
    plain = unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", title).encode("ascii", "ignore").decode()
    return re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "-", plain.lower()).strip("-")

...                                                                      [100%]
3 passed in 0.01s

import re
import unicodedata

NOT_ALLOWED = re.compile(r"[^a-z0-9]+")


def _to_ascii(text: str) -> str:
    """Split accented letters into letter + accent, then drop the accents."""
    decomposed = unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", text)
    return decomposed.encode("ascii", "ignore").decode("ascii")


def slugify(title: str) -> str:
    words = NOT_ALLOWED.sub("-", _to_ascii(title).lower())
    return words.strip("-")

test_slugs.py::test_lowercases_and_joins_words_with_hyphens PASSED       [ 33%]
test_slugs.py::test_drops_punctuation PASSED                             [ 66%]
test_slugs.py::test_turns_accented_letters_into_plain_ones PASSED        [100%]

============================== 3 passed in 0.01s ===============================

from hypothesis import given
from hypothesis import strategies as st


@given(
    prices=st.lists(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=10_000), max_size=20),
    discount=st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=100),
)
def test_a_discount_never_raises_the_total(prices, discount):
    total = sum(prices)

    discounted = total * (100 - discount) // 100

    assert 0 <= discounted <= total

.                                                                        [100%]
1 passed in 0.01s

import re

from hypothesis import given
from hypothesis import strategies as st

from slugs import slugify


@given(st.text())
def test_a_slug_only_holds_lowercase_letters_digits_and_inner_hyphens(title):
    slug = slugify(title)

    assert re.fullmatch(r"[a-z0-9]+(-[a-z0-9]+)*|", slug)


@given(st.text())
def test_slugifying_a_slug_changes_nothing(title):
    once = slugify(title)

    assert slugify(once) == once

..                                                                       [100%]
2 passed in 0.01s

import re


def encode(text: str) -> str:
    """'aaab' -> '3a1b': each run of a character becomes count + character."""
    out = []
    for match in re.finditer(r"(.)\1*", text, flags=re.DOTALL):
        run = match.group(0)
        out.append(f"{len(run)}{run[0]}")
    return "".join(out)


def decode(encoded: str) -> str:
    return "".join(char * int(count) for count, char in re.findall(r"(\d+)(\D)", encoded))

from hypothesis import given
from hypothesis import strategies as st

from rle import decode, encode


def test_encode_counts_each_run():
    assert encode("aaab") == "3a1b"


def test_decode_expands_each_run():
    assert decode("3a1b") == "aaab"


@given(st.text())
def test_decoding_an_encoding_gives_back_the_original(text):
    assert decode(encode(text)) == text

..F                                                                      [100%]
=================================== FAILURES ===================================
______________ test_decoding_an_encoding_gives_back_the_original _______________

    @given(st.text())
>   def test_decoding_an_encoding_gives_back_the_original(text):
                   ^^^

test_rle.py:16:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

text = '0'

    @given(st.text())
    def test_decoding_an_encoding_gives_back_the_original(text):
>       assert decode(encode(text)) == text
E       AssertionError: assert '' == '0'
E
E         - 0
E       Failing test case: test_decoding_an_encoding_gives_back_the_original(
E           text='0',
E       )

test_rle.py:17: AssertionError
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_rle.py::test_decoding_an_encoding_gives_back_the_original - Asser...
1 failed, 2 passed in 0.01s

from hypothesis import given, seed, settings
from hypothesis import strategies as st

from rle import decode, encode

failing = []


@seed(2026)
@settings(database=None)
@given(st.text())
def round_trip(text):
    if decode(encode(text)) != text:
        if text not in failing:
            failing.append(text)
        raise AssertionError


try:
    round_trip()
except AssertionError:
    pass

for text in failing:
    print(repr(text))

'wfê\x9f\x0c\U000b6082Ñ/\x879\x9dÂ\n'
'\x03\U000a1acb\U0003c4fc1'
'´\U000cd3dc\U00081acfÔ÷\U0007122f\x89ê½5'
'l𨺮\nÝÛ\x894\x8b'
'\U00083189𤾨«ñï\xa0^ó8A\x96\x88=\x05'
'0000'
'000'
'00'
'0'

import re


def encode(text: str) -> str:
    """'aaab' -> '3:a1:b': each run becomes count, a colon, then the character."""
    out = []
    for match in re.finditer(r"(.)\1*", text, flags=re.DOTALL):
        run = match.group(0)
        out.append(f"{len(run)}:{run[0]}")
    return "".join(out)


def decode(encoded: str) -> str:
    pairs = re.findall(r"(\d+):(.)", encoded, flags=re.DOTALL)
    return "".join(char * int(count) for count, char in pairs)

from hypothesis import example, given
from hypothesis import strategies as st

from rle import decode, encode


@given(st.text())
@example("0")  # the input Hypothesis found; now it is checked on every run
def test_decoding_an_encoding_gives_back_the_original(text):
    assert decode(encode(text)) == text

...                                                                      [100%]
3 passed in 0.01s

_users = set()


def register(name):
    _users.add(name)


def count():
    return len(_users)

from registry import count, register


def test_registering_a_user_counts_them():
    register("rahim")

    assert count() == 1


def test_a_new_registry_is_empty():
    assert count() == 0

$ pytest -q --tb=no
.F                                                                       [100%]
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_registry.py::test_a_new_registry_is_empty - assert 1 == 0
1 failed, 1 passed in 0.01s

$ pytest -q "test_registry.py::test_a_new_registry_is_empty"
.                                                                        [100%]
1 passed in 0.01s

class Registry:
    def __init__(self):
        self._users = set()

    def register(self, name):
        self._users.add(name)

    def count(self):
        return len(self._users)

import pytest

from registry import Registry


@pytest.fixture
def registry():
    return Registry()  # a fresh one for every test


def test_registering_a_user_counts_them(registry):
    registry.register("rahim")

    assert registry.count() == 1


def test_a_new_registry_is_empty(registry):
    assert registry.count() == 0

..                                                                       [100%]
2 passed in 0.01s

from datetime import datetime


def greeting(now=None):
    now = now or datetime.now()
    return "Good morning" if now.hour < 12 else "Good afternoon"

from greeting import greeting


def test_greets_the_morning():
    assert greeting() == "Good morning"  # true only before noon

$ TZ=Europe/London pytest -q
.                                                                        [100%]
1 passed in 0.01s

$ TZ=Asia/Dhaka pytest -q --tb=no
F                                                                        [100%]
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_greeting.py::test_greets_the_morning - AssertionError: assert 'Go...
1 failed in 0.01s

from datetime import datetime

from greeting import greeting


def test_before_noon_it_says_good_morning():
    assert greeting(now=datetime(2026, 1, 5, 9, 30)) == "Good morning"


def test_from_noon_on_it_says_good_afternoon():
    assert greeting(now=datetime(2026, 1, 5, 12, 0)) == "Good afternoon"

..                                                                       [100%]
2 passed in 0.01s

import random


def pick_winner(names, rng=random):
    return rng.choice(names)

from raffle import pick_winner


def test_picks_a_winner():
    assert pick_winner(["rahim", "karim", "salma"]) == "rahim"

$ for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6; do pytest -q | tail -1; done
1 failed in 0.01s
1 failed in 0.01s
1 failed in 0.01s
1 passed in 0.01s
1 passed in 0.01s
1 passed in 0.01s

import random

from raffle import pick_winner


def test_the_winner_is_one_of_the_entrants():
    names = ["rahim", "karim", "salma"]

    assert pick_winner(names) in names


def test_the_same_seed_picks_the_same_winner():
    names = ["rahim", "karim", "salma"]

    first = pick_winner(names, rng=random.Random(42))
    second = pick_winner(names, rng=random.Random(42))

    assert first == second

$ for i in 1 2 3; do pytest -q | tail -1; done
2 passed in 0.01s
2 passed in 0.01s
2 passed in 0.01s

import pytest

from slugs import slugify


def test_a_title_with_no_letters_or_digits_is_rejected():
    # Bug: slugify("!!!") returned "", and the post was saved at /posts/
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="no letters or digits"):
        slugify("!!!")

$ pytest -q test_slugs_regressions.py
F                                                                        [100%]
=================================== FAILURES ===================================
______________ test_a_title_with_no_letters_or_digits_is_rejected ______________

    def test_a_title_with_no_letters_or_digits_is_rejected():
        # Bug: slugify("!!!") returned "", and the post was saved at /posts/
>       with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="no letters or digits"):
E       Failed: DID NOT RAISE ValueError

test_slugs_regressions.py:8: Failed
=========================== short test summary info ============================
FAILED test_slugs_regressions.py::test_a_title_with_no_letters_or_digits_is_rejected
1 failed in 0.01s

def slugify(title: str) -> str:
    slug = NOT_ALLOWED.sub("-", _to_ascii(title).lower()).strip("-")
    if not slug:
        raise ValueError(f"title has no letters or digits: {title!r}")
    return slug

....                                                                     [100%]
4 passed in 0.01s

FAILED test_slugs_properties.py::test_a_slug_only_holds_lowercase_letters_digits_and_inner_hyphens
FAILED test_slugs_properties.py::test_slugifying_a_slug_changes_nothing - Val...
2 failed, 4 passed in 0.01s

import re
import string

from hypothesis import given
from hypothesis import strategies as st

from slugs import slugify

# Any text, with at least one plain letter or digit somewhere inside it.
titles = st.builds(
    lambda before, word, after: before + word + after,
    st.text(),
    st.text(alphabet=string.ascii_letters + string.digits, min_size=1),
    st.text(),
)


@given(titles)
def test_a_slug_only_holds_lowercase_letters_digits_and_inner_hyphens(title):
    slug = slugify(title)

    assert re.fullmatch(r"[a-z0-9]+(-[a-z0-9]+)*", slug)

......                                                                   [100%]
6 passed in 0.01s

def _kinds(password: str) -> int:
    """How many of the four kinds of character the password uses."""
    return sum([
        any(c.islower() for c in password),
        any(c.isupper() for c in password),
        any(c.isdigit() for c in password),
        any(not c.isalnum() for c in password),
    ])


def strength(password: str) -> str:
    """Rate a password as 'weak', 'medium' or 'strong'."""
    if len(password) < 8:
        return "weak"
    kinds = _kinds(password)
    if len(password) >= 12 and kinds >= 3:
        return "strong"
    if kinds >= 2:
        return "medium"
    return "weak"

import pytest
from hypothesis import given
from hypothesis import strategies as st

from passwords import strength

RANK = {"weak": 0, "medium": 1, "strong": 2}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "password, expected",
    [
        ("", "weak"),                      # nothing at all
        ("Ab1!xyz", "weak"),               # every kind, but only 7 long
        ("abcdefgh", "weak"),              # 8 long, one kind
        ("abcdefg1", "medium"),            # 8 long, two kinds
        ("abcdefghij1!", "strong"),        # 12 long, three kinds
        ("abcdefghijk1", "medium"),        # 12 long, only two kinds
    ],
)
def test_strength_follows_the_length_and_variety_rules(password, expected):
    assert strength(password) == expected


@given(st.text(), st.text())
def test_adding_characters_never_makes_a_password_weaker(password, extra):
    before = strength(password)

    after = strength(password + extra)

    assert RANK[after] >= RANK[before]


def test_a_long_password_of_one_kind_is_still_weak():
    # Bug: "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa" (20 letters) was rated "medium"
    assert strength("a" * 20) == "weak"

$ pytest -v
collected 8 items

test_passwords.py::test_strength_follows_the_length_and_variety_rules[-weak] PASSED [ 12%]
test_passwords.py::test_strength_follows_the_length_and_variety_rules[Ab1!xyz-weak] PASSED [ 25%]
test_passwords.py::test_strength_follows_the_length_and_variety_rules[abcdefgh-weak] PASSED [ 37%]
test_passwords.py::test_strength_follows_the_length_and_variety_rules[abcdefg1-medium] PASSED [ 50%]
test_passwords.py::test_strength_follows_the_length_and_variety_rules[abcdefghij1!-strong] PASSED [ 62%]
test_passwords.py::test_strength_follows_the_length_and_variety_rules[abcdefghijk1-medium] PASSED [ 75%]
test_passwords.py::test_adding_characters_never_makes_a_password_weaker PASSED [ 87%]
test_passwords.py::test_a_long_password_of_one_kind_is_still_weak PASSED [100%]

============================== 8 passed in 0.01s ===============================

import re

UNITS = {"h": 3600, "m": 60, "s": 1}
PATTERN = re.compile(r"(?:(\d+)h)?(?:(\d+)m)?(?:(\d+)s)?")


def parse_duration(text: str) -> int:
    """'1h30m' -> 5400. Units must appear in the order h, m, s."""
    match = PATTERN.fullmatch(text)
    if not text or match is None:
        raise ValueError(f"not a duration: {text!r}")
    hours, minutes, seconds = (int(part or 0) for part in match.groups())
    return hours * 3600 + minutes * 60 + seconds


def format_duration(seconds: int) -> str:
    """5400 -> '1h30m'. Zero is '0s'."""
    if seconds < 0:
        raise ValueError(f"duration cannot be negative: {seconds}")
    if seconds == 0:
        return "0s"
    parts = []
    for unit, size in UNITS.items():
        amount, seconds = divmod(seconds, size)
        if amount:
            parts.append(f"{amount}{unit}")
    return "".join(parts)

import pytest
from hypothesis import given
from hypothesis import strategies as st

from durations import format_duration, parse_duration


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "text, seconds",
    [
        ("45s", 45),
        ("2h", 7200),
        ("1h30m", 5400),
        ("1h0m5s", 3605),
        ("0s", 0),
    ],
)
def test_parse_reads_hours_minutes_and_seconds(text, seconds):
    assert parse_duration(text) == seconds


@pytest.mark.parametrize("text", ["", "h", "1x", "30m1h", "1.5h"])
def test_parse_rejects_text_that_is_not_a_duration(text):
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="not a duration"):
        parse_duration(text)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "seconds, text",
    [(0, "0s"), (59, "59s"), (60, "1m"), (3605, "1h5s"), (5400, "1h30m")],
)
def test_format_writes_only_the_units_it_needs(seconds, text):
    assert format_duration(seconds) == text


def test_format_rejects_a_negative_duration():
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="negative"):
        format_duration(-1)


@given(st.integers(min_value=0, max_value=10**7))
def test_parsing_a_formatted_duration_gives_back_the_seconds(seconds):
    assert parse_duration(format_duration(seconds)) == seconds


def test_minutes_over_sixty_are_accepted():
    # Bug: "90m" was rejected, though people type it all the time
    assert parse_duration("90m") == 5400

$ pytest -q
..................                                                       [100%]
18 passed in 0.01s